{
 "name": "Runic alphabets & rune poems dataset — Elder Futhark, Younger Futhark, Anglo-Saxon Futhorc",
 "description": "24 runes with names and core meanings across the Elder Futhark, Younger Futhark and Anglo-Saxon Futhorc, plus the complete Norwegian, Icelandic and Old English rune poems (public-domain originals) with VikingsBrand's own English renderings.",
 "license": "CC BY 4.0 — free to use with a link to https://vikingsbrand.co/pages/rune-translator",
 "version": "1.0 (2026-07-16)",
 "runes": [
  {
   "rune": "ᚠ",
   "unicode": "U+16A0",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Fehu",
   "elder_meaning": "Wealth, cattle",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Fé",
   "younger_meaning": "Wealth",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Feoh",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Wealth",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Fé vældr frænda róge; føðesk ulfr í skóge.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "Wealth breeds discord among kin — and the wolf is reared in the wild wood.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Fé er frænda róg / ok flæðar viti / ok grafseiðs gata / aurum fylkir.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "Wealth sows strife among kinsmen; it is the flame of the sea and the serpent's path.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Feoh byþ frofur fira gehwylcum; sceal ðeah manna gehwylc miclun hyt dælan gif he wile for drihtne domes hleotan.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "Wealth is a comfort to all, yet each must give of it freely if he would win the Lord's esteem."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᚢ",
   "unicode": "U+16A2",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Uruz",
   "elder_meaning": "Aurochs (wild ox)",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Úr",
   "younger_meaning": "Drizzle, slag",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Ur",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Aurochs",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Úr er af illu jarne; opt løypr ræinn á hjarne.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "Dross rises from poor iron; the reindeer runs swift over the frozen crust.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Úr er skýja grátr / ok skára þverrir / ok hirðis hatr / umbre vísi",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "The shower is the weeping of the clouds, ruin of the mown hay, and the herdsman's bane.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Ur byþ anmod ond oferhyrned, felafrecne deor, feohteþ mid hornum mære morstapa; þæt is modig wuht.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "The aurochs is proud and high-horned, a savage beast that battles with its horns — a bold ranger of the moors."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᚦ",
   "unicode": "U+16A6",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Thurisaz",
   "elder_meaning": "Giant, Thor",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Þurs",
   "younger_meaning": "Giant",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Ðorn",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Thorn",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Þurs vældr kvinna kvillu; kátr værðr fár af illu.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "The giant brings torment to women; few find cheer in misfortune.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Þurs er kvenna kvöl / ok kletta búi / ok varðrúnar verr / Saturnus þengill.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "The giant is women's torment, the dweller of the cliffs, and the husband of the giantess Varðrún.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Ðorn byþ ðearle scearp; ðegna gehwylcum anfeng ys yfyl, ungemetum reþe manna gehwelcum, ðe him mid resteð.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "The thorn is cruelly sharp; to grasp it harms any man, fierce beyond measure to all who rest among it."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᚨ",
   "unicode": "U+16A8",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Ansuz",
   "elder_meaning": "A god (Odin)",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Óss",
   "younger_meaning": "River-mouth",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Os",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Mouth",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Óss er flæstra færða fǫr; en skalpr er sværða.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "The estuary is the road of most voyages; but the sheath is the road of the sword.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Óss er algingautr / ok ásgarðs jöfurr / ok valhallar vísi / Jupiter oddviti.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "The god is the aged Gautr (Odin), prince of Asgard, and lord of Valhalla.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Os byþ ordfruma ælere spræce, wisdomes wraþu ond witena frofur and eorla gehwam eadnys ond tohiht.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "The mouth is the fount of all speech, the prop of wisdom and comfort of the wise — a blessing and hope to every noble."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᚱ",
   "unicode": "U+16B1",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Raido",
   "elder_meaning": "Ride, journey",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Reið",
   "younger_meaning": "Riding",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Rad",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Riding",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Ræið kveða rossom væsta; Reginn sló sværðet bæzta.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "Riding, they say, is hardest on horses; Reginn forged the finest blade.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Reið er sitjandi sæla / ok snúðig ferð / ok jórs erfiði / iter ræsir.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "Riding is the rider's ease, a swift passage, and the toil of the steed.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Rad byþ on recyde rinca gehwylcum sefte ond swiþhwæt, ðamðe sitteþ on ufan meare mægenheardum ofer milpaþas.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "Riding seems easy to a warrior indoors, and far bolder to one astride a strong horse on the long roads."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᚲ",
   "unicode": "U+16B2",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Kenaz",
   "elder_meaning": "Torch, sore",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Kaun",
   "younger_meaning": "Sore, ulcer",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Cen",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Torch",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Kaun er barna bǫlvan; bǫl gørver nán fǫlvan.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "The sore is a curse upon children; grief turns the dead man pale.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Kaun er barna böl / ok bardaga [för] / ok holdfúa hús / flagella konungr.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "The sore is the bane of children, a mark of battle, and the house of rotting flesh.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Cen byþ cwicera gehwam, cuþ on fyre blac ond beorhtlic, byrneþ oftust ðær hi æþelingas inne restaþ.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "The torch is known to all the living by its flame — pale and bright, it burns most where princes rest."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᚷ",
   "unicode": "U+16B7",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Gebo",
   "elder_meaning": "Gift",
   "younger_futhark_name": "",
   "younger_meaning": "",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Gyfu",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Gift",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Gyfu gumena byþ gleng and herenys, wraþu and wyrþscype and wræcna gehwam ar and ætwist, ðe byþ oþra leas.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "A man's giving is grace and renown, support and honour; and to the outcast, help and shelter when all else fails."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᚹ",
   "unicode": "U+16B9",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Wunjo",
   "elder_meaning": "Joy",
   "younger_futhark_name": "",
   "younger_meaning": "",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Wynn",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Joy",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Wenne bruceþ, ðe can weana lyt sares and sorge and him sylfa hæfþ blæd and blysse and eac byrga geniht.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "Joy is his who knows little of woe, of pain and sorrow, and holds for himself prosperity, bliss, and a full home."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᚺ",
   "unicode": "U+16BA",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Hagalaz",
   "elder_meaning": "Hail",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Hagall",
   "younger_meaning": "Hail",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Hægl",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Hail",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Hagall er kaldastr korna; Kristr skóp hæimenn forna.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "Hail is the coldest of grains; Christ shaped the world of old.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Hagall er kaldakorn / ok krapadrífa / ok snáka sótt / grando hildingr.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "Hail is cold grain, a rush of sleet, and the sickness of serpents.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Hægl byþ hwitust corna; hwyrft hit of heofones lyfte, wealcaþ hit windes scura; weorþeþ hit to wætere syððan.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "Hail is the whitest of grains; it whirls down from heaven's height, the wind rolls it about, and then it melts to water."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᚾ",
   "unicode": "U+16BE",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Naudiz",
   "elder_meaning": "Need",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Nauð",
   "younger_meaning": "Need",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Nyd",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Need",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Nauðr gerer næppa koste; nøktan kælr í froste.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "Need leaves scant choice; the naked freeze in the frost.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Nauð er Þýjar þrá / ok þungr kostr / ok vássamlig verk / opera niflungr.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "Need is the bondmaid's grief, a heavy lot, and toilsome labour.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Nyd byþ nearu on breostan; weorþeþ hi þeah oft niþa bearnum to helpe and to hæle gehwæþre, gif hi his hlystaþ æror.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "Need grips the heart hard, yet often turns to help and healing for men — if they heed it in time."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛁ",
   "unicode": "U+16C1",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Isaz",
   "elder_meaning": "Ice",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Íss",
   "younger_meaning": "Ice",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Is",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Ice",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Ís kǫllum brú bræiða; blindan þarf at læiða.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "Ice we call the broad bridge; the blind must be led across.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Íss er árbörkr / ok unnar þak / ok feigra manna fár / glacies jöfurr.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "Ice is the bark of rivers, the roof of the wave, and the doom of the fated.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Is byþ ofereald, ungemetum slidor, glisnaþ glæshluttur gimmum gelicust, flor forste geworuht, fæger ansyne.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "Ice is bitter-cold, endlessly slick; it gleams clear as glass, like gems — a floor wrought by frost, fair to behold."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛃ",
   "unicode": "U+16C3",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Jera",
   "elder_meaning": "Year, harvest",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Ár",
   "younger_meaning": "Plenty",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Ger",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Harvest",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Ár er gumna góðe; get ek at ǫrr var Fróðe.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "A good year blesses men; generous, I hear, was Fróði.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Ár er gumna góði / ok gott sumar / algróinn akr / annus allvaldr.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "A good year blesses men — a fine summer and a field grown full.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Ger byÞ gumena hiht, ðonne God læteþ, halig heofones cyning, hrusan syllan beorhte bleda beornum ond ðearfum.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "Harvest is the hope of men, when God, holy King of heaven, lets the earth yield bright fruits to noble and needy alike."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛇ",
   "unicode": "U+16C7",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Eihwaz",
   "elder_meaning": "Yew tree",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Ýr",
   "younger_meaning": "Yew",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Eoh",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Yew",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Ýr er vetrgrønstr viða; vænt er, er brennr, at sviða.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "The yew is greenest of trees through winter; set alight, it crackles and singes.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Ýr er bendr bogi / ok brotgjarnt járn / ok fífu fárbauti / arcus ynglingr.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "The yew is a bent bow, brittle iron, and the giant of the arrow.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Eoh byþ utan unsmeþe treow, heard hrusan fæst, hyrde fyres, wyrtrumun underwreþyd, wyn on eþle.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "The yew is rough-barked without, hard and rooted fast, a keeper of fire — a joy on the homestead."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛈ",
   "unicode": "U+16C8",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Perthro",
   "elder_meaning": "Fate, lot",
   "younger_futhark_name": "",
   "younger_meaning": "",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Peorð",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Gaming",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Peorð byþ symble plega and hlehter wlancum on middum, ðar wigan sittaþ on beorsele bliþe ætsomne.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "Peorð is ever play and laughter among the proud, where warriors sit glad together in the beer-hall."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛉ",
   "unicode": "U+16C9",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Algiz",
   "elder_meaning": "Elk, protection",
   "younger_futhark_name": "",
   "younger_meaning": "",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Eolhx",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Elk-sedge",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Eolh-secg eard hæfþ oftust on fenne wexeð on wature, wundaþ grimme, blode breneð beorna gehwylcne ðe him ænigne onfeng gedeþ.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "The elk-sedge dwells most in the fen, growing in the water; it wounds grimly, drawing blood from any who grasp at it."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛋ",
   "unicode": "U+16CB",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Sowilo",
   "elder_meaning": "Sun",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Sól",
   "younger_meaning": "Sun",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Sigel",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Sun",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Sól er landa ljóme; lúti ek helgum dóme.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "The sun is the light of the lands; before the holy, I bow.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Sól er skýja skjöldr / ok skínandi röðull / ok ísa aldrtregi / rota siklingr.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "The sun is the shield of the clouds, a shining radiance, and the lifelong grief of the ice.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Sigel semannum symble biþ on hihte, ðonne hi hine feriaþ ofer fisces beþ, oþ hi brimhengest bringeþ to lande.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "The sun is ever the sailor's joy, as they bear across the fish's bath, till the sea-steed brings them to land."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛏ",
   "unicode": "U+16CF",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Tiwaz",
   "elder_meaning": "The god Tyr",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Týr",
   "younger_meaning": "Tyr",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Tir",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Star, Tir",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Týr er æinendr ása; opt værðr smiðr blása.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "Tyr is the one-handed of the gods; often the smith must work the bellows.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Týr er einhendr áss / ok ulfs leifar / ok hofa hilmir / Mars tiggi.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "Tyr is the one-handed god, the wolf's leavings, and the lord of temples.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Tir biþ tacna sum, healdeþ trywa wel wiþ æþelingas; a biþ on færylde ofer nihta genipu, næfre swiceþ.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "Tir is a sure sign; it keeps faith with princes, ever on its course above the mists of night, and never fails."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛒ",
   "unicode": "U+16D2",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Berkanan",
   "elder_meaning": "Birch",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Bjarkan",
   "younger_meaning": "Birch",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Beorc",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Birch",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Bjarkan er laufgrønstr líma; Loki bar flærða tíma.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "The birch is greenest-leaved of boughs; Loki brought the luck of lies.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Bjarkan er laufgat lim / ok lítit tré / ok ungsamligr viðr / abies buðlungr.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "The birch is a leafy twig, a little tree, a wood still young.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Beorc byþ bleda leas, bereþ efne swa ðeah tanas butan tudder, biþ on telgum wlitig, heah on helme hrysted fægere, geloden leafum, lyfte getenge.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "The birch bears no fruit, yet puts out shoots without seed; fair in its boughs, tall and crowned, laden with leaves against the sky."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛖ",
   "unicode": "U+16D6",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Ehwaz",
   "elder_meaning": "Horse",
   "younger_futhark_name": "",
   "younger_meaning": "",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Eh",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Horse",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Eh byþ for eorlum æþelinga wyn, hors hofum wlanc, ðær him hæleþ ymbe welege on wicgum wrixlaþ spræce and biþ unstyllum æfre frofur.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "The horse is the joy of princes before nobles, proud on its hooves — where wealthy heroes trade words of it, ever a comfort to the restless."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛗ",
   "unicode": "U+16D7",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Mannaz",
   "elder_meaning": "Man",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Maðr",
   "younger_meaning": "Man",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Man",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Man",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Maðr er moldar auki; mikil er græip á hauki.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "Man is the increase of the dust; great is the talon upon the hawk.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Maðr er manns gaman / ok moldar auki / ok skipa skreytir / homo mildingr.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "Man is the delight of man, the increase of the earth, and the adorner of ships.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Man byþ on myrgþe his magan leof: sceal þeah anra gehwylc oðrum swican, forðum drihten wyle dome sine þæt earme flæsc eorþan betæcan.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "Man, in his mirth, is dear to his kin; yet each must fail the other, for the Lord by his decree gives the poor flesh to the earth."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛚ",
   "unicode": "U+16DA",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Laguz",
   "elder_meaning": "Water, lake",
   "younger_futhark_name": "Lǫgr",
   "younger_meaning": "Water, falls",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Lagu",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Sea",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "Lǫgr er, fællr ór fjalle foss; en gull ero nosser.",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "Water is the falls that plunge from the fell; but the treasures are of gold.",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "Lögr er vellanda vatn / ok viðr ketill / ok glömmungr grund / lacus lofðungr.",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "Water is the welling spring, the wide cauldron, and the land of the fish.",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Lagu byþ leodum langsum geþuht, gif hi sculun neþan on nacan tealtum and hi sæyþa swyþe bregaþ and se brimhengest bridles ne gymeð.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "The sea seems endless to men who must brave a pitching boat, when the waves affright them and the sea-steed heeds no rein."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛜ",
   "unicode": "U+16DC",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Ingwaz",
   "elder_meaning": "The god Ing",
   "younger_futhark_name": "",
   "younger_meaning": "",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Ing",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Ing",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Ing wæs ærest mid East-Denum gesewen secgun, oþ he siððan est ofer wæg gewat; wæn æfter ran; ðus Heardingas ðone hæle nemdun.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "Ing was first seen by men among the East-Danes, till he departed east over the wave, his wagon running after; so the Heardings named that hero."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛟ",
   "unicode": "U+16DF",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Othala",
   "elder_meaning": "Heritage, home",
   "younger_futhark_name": "",
   "younger_meaning": "",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Eþel",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Homeland",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Eþel byþ oferleof æghwylcum men, gif he mot ðær rihtes and gerysena on brucan on bolde bleadum oftast.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "The homeland is dearest to every man, where he may enjoy what is right and fitting in his own house, most often in plenty."
  },
  {
   "rune": "ᛞ",
   "unicode": "U+16DE",
   "elder_futhark_name": "Dagaz",
   "elder_meaning": "Day, breakthrough",
   "younger_futhark_name": "",
   "younger_meaning": "",
   "anglo_saxon_name": "Dæg",
   "anglo_saxon_meaning": "Day",
   "norwegian_rune_poem": "",
   "norwegian_poem_translation": "",
   "icelandic_rune_poem": "",
   "icelandic_poem_translation": "",
   "old_english_rune_poem": "Dæg byþ drihtnes sond, deore mannum, mære metodes leoht, myrgþ and tohiht eadgum and earmum, eallum brice.",
   "old_english_poem_translation": "Day is the Lord's messenger, dear to men, the Maker's glorious light — joy and hope to rich and poor, of worth to all."
  }
 ]
}