Library reference · Creatures
Fenrir
/ˈfɛnrɪr/Old Norse Fenrir / Fenrisúlfr, masculine: 'fen-dweller'
The great wolf of Norse myth: a son of Loki, raised among the gods and then bound by them out of fear of prophecy. He bites off the hand of the god Týr, lies chained until Ragnarök, then breaks free to devour Odin. Told in the Poetic and Prose Edda.
Twice Fenrir snaps great iron fetters, Læðingr and Drómi. So the dwarfs forge Gleipnir, a ribbon-thin cord made of six impossible things, among them the sound of a cat's footfall, the roots of a mountain and a fish's breath. Suspicious, Fenrir agrees to be bound only if a god will lay a hand in his mouth as a pledge of honesty. Týr alone does it. When the wolf cannot break free and realises the trick, he bites the hand off. The gods laugh; Týr does not.
Fenrir lies bound, a sword propping his jaws, until Ragnarök, when he breaks loose, his lower jaw against the ground and upper against the sky, and swallows Odin. Odin's son Víðarr avenges him.
In the sources he is the destroyer the gods feared, but the binding is what people remember: he is chained by deceit, on a pledge the gods never meant to keep. Some Viking-Age carvings, like Thorwald's Cross on the Isle of Man, are widely read as showing the Ragnarök wolf devouring Odin, though such identifications rest on the scene, not a caption.
Primary source Verbatim
Þá kemr Hlínar harmr annarr fram, er Óðinn ferr við ulf vega, en bani Belja bjartr at Surti; þá mun Friggjar falla angan.
Then Hlín's second grief comes to pass, when Odin goes to fight the wolf, and Beli's bright slayer goes against Surtr; then Frigg's beloved must fall.
VÖLUSPÁ, st. 53 · text ed. Guðni Jónsson · translation editorial ↗
Etymology
Most likely 'fen-dweller', from Old Norse fen, 'fen, marsh': the marsh, not mere size, names him. The fuller form Fenrisúlfr is simply 'Fenrir's wolf'. His byname Vánargandr, 'monster of the river Ván', is recorded in Snorri's kennings for Loki and names the river of slaver that runs from the bound wolf's jaws.
Common misconceptions
Frequently asked questions
Who is Fenrir?
What is Gleipnir made of?
Why did Tyr lose his hand?
What does Fenrir do at Ragnarok?
Is Fenrir shown in Viking-Age art?
Bibliography
- 1. Snorri Sturluson, Prose Edda: Gylfaginning, ch. 34 (the binding of Fenrir and the loss of Týr's hand) and ch. 51 (Ragnarök). Iceland, c. 1220. heimskringla.no ↗
- 2. Völuspá, st. 44–58, in the Poetic Edda (the fetter breaks and the wolf runs free; Odin goes to fight the wolf, st. 53, and Víðarr avenges him, st. 55). Codex Regius, GKS 2365 4to. heimskringla.no ↗
- 3. Thorwald's Cross (Andreas, MM 128; Rundata IM MM128), Isle of Man, c. 940: a man with a spear and a raven on his shoulder, his foot in a wolf's jaws, read as Odin and Fenrir. The runes say only that Þorvaldr raised the cross. rundata.info ↗