Library reference · Gods

Óðinn

/ˈoːðinː/Old Norse Óðinn, masculine noun: óðr 'frenzy, inspiration' + the suffix -inn, 'master of'

The short answer

The chief god of the Norse pantheon: god of poetry, wisdom, war and the dead. He traded an eye for a drink from Mímir's well and hanged himself nine nights on a windswept tree, usually taken to be Yggdrasil, to win the runes, and he gathers his half of the battle-slain into Valhalla against the day of Ragnarök.

Compiled by VikingsBrandLast reviewed 3 October 20263 cited sourcesCC BY 4.0: free to cite & reuse
Odin is the god who pays for what he knows. Twice the sources show him buying knowledge with his own body: he leaves an eye in Mímir's well for a single drink from it, and in Hávamál he hangs nine nights on a windswept tree, wounded with a spear, given to himself, until the runes come to him and he falls back screaming. Neither trade makes him safe. What he buys is knowledge, and the knowledge he gathers includes how the world ends and how he dies in it. It does not let him escape.
That pattern runs through everything else. He is the god of poetry because he stole the mead of poetry from the giants in the shape of an eagle; the god of the dead because he needs an army for a battle he already knows he loses; the god of wisdom because he keeps asking, of seeresses, of severed heads, of anyone who will answer. His ravens Huginn and Muninn fly out each day so that he misses nothing, and Grímnismál has him admit he fears more for Muninn, memory, than for Huginn, thought.
He is also, plainly, not trustworthy. Hávamál says he swore an oath on a ring and then cheated the giant Suttungr, and asks who could trust his word. He gives victory and then withdraws it, because the warrior he abandons is the warrior he gains. Lokasenna throws his practice of seiðr at him as unmanly, and the poem lets the accusation stand. The sources are not embarrassed by any of this: a god of frenzy, poetry and the gallows is not supposed to be safe.
His name says as much. Old Norse Óðinn is built on óðr, the word for fury, inspiration and poetry, so the name means something like 'master of frenzy'. Behind it stands Proto-Germanic *Wōðanaz, which gives Old English Wōden and, through him, Wednesday. Tacitus, writing around 98 AD, says the Germani worship 'Mercury' above all other gods, and that is generally read as this same figure, more than a thousand years before anyone wrote the Eddas down.

Primary source Verbatim

Veit ek, at ek hekk vindga meiði á nætr allar níu, geiri undaðr ok gefinn Óðni, sjalfr sjalfum mér, á þeim meiði, er manngi veit hvers af rótum renn.

I know that I hung on a windswept tree nine full nights, wounded with a spear and given to Odin, myself to myself, on that tree of which no one knows from what roots it runs.

HÁVAMÁL, st. 138 · translation editorial ↗
Manuscript
Codex Regius (GKS 2365 4to)
Place & date
Iceland, c. 1270
Held at
Árni Magnússon Institute, Reykjavík

Etymology

óðr Old Norse frenzy, fury, inspiration, poetry: the state, not the person
*Wōðanaz Proto-Germanic lord of frenzy; behind Old English Wōden, and behind Wednesday

The name is not a title of rule but of state: óðr is the fury that takes hold of a poet, a seer or a berserker. Odin is its master, not its victim.

Common misconceptions

Common claim What the record says
“Odin is a benevolent all-father, a kind of Norse Zeus.” The sources give a colder figure. He breaks oaths (Hávamál 110 says he swore one on a ring, cheated Suttungr, and asks who could trust his word), stirs up wars, and grants victory to men he then abandons at the decisive moment, because he is collecting the slain for a battle of his own. Lokasenna has Loki throw both his unjust gifts of victory and his practice of seiðr in his face. He is worth respecting, not trusting.
“Vikings wore horned or winged helmets like the ones Odin is drawn in.” No Viking-Age helmet with horns or wings has ever been excavated. The image comes from 19th-century opera costume and romantic painting. There is something older and much narrower behind it: a bronze die for helmet plates from Torslunda on Öland (dated 550 to 800) and the Sutton Hoo helmet (late 6th or early 7th century) show figures in horned helmets, on the Torslunda die with the horns ending in birds' heads, in what look like ritual dances. They come before the Viking Age and are not battle dress. Our own drawing of Odin wears a winged helmet: it follows the popular image, not the archaeology.
“Odin gave his eye for power or immortality.” He pledged it for a single drink from Mímir's well, where Snorri says wisdom and understanding are hidden (Gylfaginning 15). What he bought was knowledge. No source says the drink showed him Ragnarök: he hears how he dies from the seeress of Völuspá and from the giant Vafþrúðnir, and the knowledge does not let him escape. He walks toward it anyway. That is the point of the story, and it is lost when the eye is treated as a purchase of strength.

Frequently asked questions

Who is Odin in Norse mythology?
The chief god: of poetry, wisdom, war and the dead. He traded an eye for a drink from Mimir's well and hanged nine nights on a windswept tree, usually taken to be Yggdrasil, to win the runes, and he gathers his half of the battle-slain into Valhalla for Ragnarok. The longer telling is in our Odin guide.
Why did Odin sacrifice his eye?
For one drink from Mimir's well, where Snorri says wisdom and understanding are hidden. What he bought was knowledge, not strength. No source says the drink showed him Ragnarok, but he does learn how he dies, from the seeress of Voluspa, and walks toward it anyway. More in the meaning of Odin's missing eye.
Did Odin really hang himself on Yggdrasil?
Havamal 138 has him say it in his own voice: nine nights on a windswept tree, wounded with a spear, given to himself, until the runes came to him. The poem does not name the tree, and identifying it as Yggdrasil is an old and reasonable inference rather than the text: the name Yggdrasill is usually read as 'Yggr's steed', Yggr being one of Odin's names (Grimnismal 54), the gallows the hanged god rides. See Yggdrasil.
Did Vikings wear horned or winged helmets?
No. No Viking-Age helmet with horns or wings has ever been excavated; the image is 19th-century opera and romantic painting. A bronze die for helmet plates from Torslunda on Oland (dated 550 to 800) and the Sutton Hoo helmet (late 6th or early 7th century) do show figures in horned helmets, the Torslunda horns ending in birds' heads, in what look like ritual dances: earlier than the Viking Age and not battle dress.
What is Odin's spear called?
Gungnir, forged by the dwarf sons of Ivaldi. In Voluspa 24 he hurls a weapon into the enemy host to open the first war in the world; the poem does not name it, but it is usually taken to be his spear. See Gungnir.
Is Wednesday named after Odin?
Yes. Wednesday is Old English Wodnesdaeg, the day of Woden, the English form of the same god. Tuesday belongs to Tyr, Thursday to Thor and Friday to Frigg.

Bibliography

  1. 1. The Poetic Edda (Hávamál, Grímnismál, Völuspá, Lokasenna), Codex Regius, c. 1270. Trans. Carolyne Larrington, rev. ed., Oxford World's Classics, 2014. handrit.is ↗
  2. 2. Snorri Sturluson, Edda (Gylfaginning; Skáldskaparmál), c. 1220. Trans. Anthony Faulkes, Everyman, 1987. heimskringla.no ↗
  3. 3. Rudolf Simek, Dictionary of Northern Mythology, trans. Angela Hall, D. S. Brewer, 1993, s.v. 'Odin'.

Cite this entry

VikingsBrand. “Óðinn.” VikingsBrand Library, reviewed 3 October 2026, vikingsbrand.co/pages/library/odin.