Library reference · Gods
Óðinn
/ˈoːðinː/Old Norse Óðinn, masculine noun: óðr 'frenzy, inspiration' + the suffix -inn, 'master of'
The chief god of the Norse pantheon: god of poetry, wisdom, war and the dead. He traded an eye for a drink from Mímir's well and hanged himself nine nights on a windswept tree, usually taken to be Yggdrasil, to win the runes, and he gathers his half of the battle-slain into Valhalla against the day of Ragnarök.
That pattern runs through everything else. He is the god of poetry because he stole the mead of poetry from the giants in the shape of an eagle; the god of the dead because he needs an army for a battle he already knows he loses; the god of wisdom because he keeps asking, of seeresses, of severed heads, of anyone who will answer. His ravens Huginn and Muninn fly out each day so that he misses nothing, and Grímnismál has him admit he fears more for Muninn, memory, than for Huginn, thought.
He is also, plainly, not trustworthy. Hávamál says he swore an oath on a ring and then cheated the giant Suttungr, and asks who could trust his word. He gives victory and then withdraws it, because the warrior he abandons is the warrior he gains. Lokasenna throws his practice of seiðr at him as unmanly, and the poem lets the accusation stand. The sources are not embarrassed by any of this: a god of frenzy, poetry and the gallows is not supposed to be safe.
His name says as much. Old Norse Óðinn is built on óðr, the word for fury, inspiration and poetry, so the name means something like 'master of frenzy'. Behind it stands Proto-Germanic *Wōðanaz, which gives Old English Wōden and, through him, Wednesday. Tacitus, writing around 98 AD, says the Germani worship 'Mercury' above all other gods, and that is generally read as this same figure, more than a thousand years before anyone wrote the Eddas down.
Primary source Verbatim
Veit ek, at ek hekk vindga meiði á nætr allar níu, geiri undaðr ok gefinn Óðni, sjalfr sjalfum mér, á þeim meiði, er manngi veit hvers af rótum renn.
I know that I hung on a windswept tree nine full nights, wounded with a spear and given to Odin, myself to myself, on that tree of which no one knows from what roots it runs.
HÁVAMÁL, st. 138 · translation editorial ↗
Etymology
The name is not a title of rule but of state: óðr is the fury that takes hold of a poet, a seer or a berserker. Odin is its master, not its victim.
Common misconceptions
Frequently asked questions
Who is Odin in Norse mythology?
Why did Odin sacrifice his eye?
Did Odin really hang himself on Yggdrasil?
Did Vikings wear horned or winged helmets?
What is Odin's spear called?
Is Wednesday named after Odin?
Bibliography
- 1. The Poetic Edda (Hávamál, Grímnismál, Völuspá, Lokasenna), Codex Regius, c. 1270. Trans. Carolyne Larrington, rev. ed., Oxford World's Classics, 2014. handrit.is ↗
- 2. Snorri Sturluson, Edda (Gylfaginning; Skáldskaparmál), c. 1220. Trans. Anthony Faulkes, Everyman, 1987. heimskringla.no ↗
- 3. Rudolf Simek, Dictionary of Northern Mythology, trans. Angela Hall, D. S. Brewer, 1993, s.v. 'Odin'.