Symbol reference · Galdrastafir
Baldr
/ˈbɔːldər/Old Norse Baldr, masculine noun; also Balder, Baldur
Odin's second son, the best and most beloved of the Æsir, so fair that light shines from him. His death, shot by his blind brother Höðr with a shaft of mistletoe that Loki put in his hand, is the great loss of Norse myth, and the binding of Loki that follows leads on to Ragnarök.
Baldr dreams that his life is in danger. Frigg makes fire and water, iron and every metal, stones, earth, trees, sicknesses, beasts, birds, poisons and serpents swear not to harm him, and the gods make a game of shooting and striking at him. Loki, disguised as a woman, learns from Frigg that one young shoot growing west of Valhöll, the mistletoe, was not asked to swear. He pulls it up, puts it in the hand of the blind god Höðr and guides his aim. The shaft goes through Baldr and he falls dead: 'the greatest misfortune ever done among gods and men', in Snorri's words.
Baldr is burned on his ship Hringhorni, which only the giantess Hyrrokkin can launch. His wife Nanna dies of grief and is laid on the pyre with him, Thor hallows the fire with Mjölnir, and Odin lays on it the gold ring Draupnir. Hermóðr rides Sleipnir to Hel to ask for him back. Hel agrees on one condition: every thing in the world, living and dead, must weep for him. Everything weeps except a giantess called Þökk, sitting in a cave, who says she will weep dry tears, and people believe she was Loki. So Baldr stays with Hel. The Eddic poem Völuspá says that in the new world after Ragnarök 'Baldr will come', and he and Höðr will live together in Odin's victory-halls.
The Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus, writing around 1200, tells a very different story: Balderus is a demigod who fights the human hero Hotherus over Nanna. Only a sword kept by the satyr Mimingus can harm him; Hotherus wins it, wounds him in the side, and Balderus dies three days later and is buried in a mound. Snorri's version is the one that shaped the modern picture.
Primary source Verbatim
Annarr sonr Óðins er Baldr, ok er frá honum gott at segja. Hann er beztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er svá fagr álitum ok bjartr, svá at lýsir af honum.
Odin's second son is Baldr, and there is good to tell of him. He is the best, and all praise him. He is so fair of face and so bright that light shines from him.
GYLFAGINNING, ch. 22 · translation editorial ↗
Etymology
Whether the god's name meant 'lord' first, or whether the word for 'lord' came from the god's name, cannot be settled from the surviving evidence.
Common misconceptions
Frequently asked questions
Who is Baldr in Norse mythology?
How did Baldr die?
Why did Baldr not come back from Hel?
Who rode to Hel to bring Baldr back?
Does Baldr return after Ragnarok?
Is Baldr, Balder or Baldur correct?
Bibliography
- 1. Snorri Sturluson, Edda (Gylfaginning 22 and 49), c. 1220. Trans. Anthony Faulkes, Everyman, 1987. heimskringla.no ↗
- 2. The Poetic Edda (Völuspá 31–35 and 62), Codex Regius, GKS 2365 4to, c. 1270; Baldrs draumar in AM 748 I a 4to. Trans. Carolyne Larrington, rev. ed., Oxford World's Classics, 2014. handrit.is ↗
- 3. Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum, Book III, c. 1200. Ed. Karsten Friis-Jensen, trans. Peter Fisher, Oxford Medieval Texts, 2015. la.wikisource.org ↗
- 4. Rudolf Simek, Dictionary of Northern Mythology, trans. Angela Hall, D. S. Brewer, 1993, s.v. 'Baldr'.