Library reference · Gods
Bragi
/ˈbrɑːɡi/Old Norse Bragi, masculine noun (genitive Braga)
The god of poetry among the Æsir, renowned for wisdom and eloquence, and the husband of Iðunn, keeper of the apples of youth. Snorri says poetry is called bragr after him, and at the opening of Skáldskaparmál he tells the sea giant Ægir the gods' stories.
He is the gods' storyteller. Snorri opens Skáldskaparmál with the sea giant Ægir visiting Ásgarðr, where twelve Æsir sat on high seats as judges, Bragi among them. Bragi sat next to Ægir, they drank and talked, and Bragi told him many tales of what the Æsir had done: how the giant Þjazi carried off Iðunn, and how Odin won the mead of poetry. When Ægir asks how many kinds of poetry there are, Bragi answers that there are two, language and metre, and Snorri's treatise on poetic language starts from that conversation.
Lokasenna shows him under attack. When Loki forces his way into Ægir's hall and asks for a seat, Bragi answers that the Æsir will never choose him one (st. 8). Odin overrules him, and before drinking Loki hails every god and goddess except Bragi (st. 11). Bragi offers him a horse, a sword and a ring to keep the peace (st. 12). Loki answers that Bragi will always lack both horses and arm-rings and is the most wary of battle of everyone in the hall (st. 13). Bragi says that if he were outside, he would carry Loki's head in his hand (st. 14), and Loki mocks him as bekkskrautuðr, 'bench-ornament', brave only in his seat (st. 15). Iðunn begs her husband not to trade insults with Loki and says she is calming him, merry with beer, so the two will not fight (st. 16 and 18).
Two 10th-century memorial poems give him a place in Valhalla. In Eiríksmál, when a great din is heard, Bragi takes it for Baldr coming back to Odin's halls, and Odin tells 'wise Bragi' not to talk nonsense: the noise is for King Eiríkr (st. 3–4). In Hákonarmál, Odin sends Hermóðr and Bragi to meet King Hákon, and Bragi promises him the peace of the einherjar, ale from the Æsir and eight brothers already in the hall (st. 14–16). Snorri's Heimskringla also records a toast. At sacrifices, Hákonar saga góða says, many men drank the Braga full after the cups of Odin, Njörðr and Freyr; in Ynglinga saga, at a king's funeral feast, the heir stood up to meet the bragafull, made a vow, drank, and only then took his father's high seat. Snorri also quotes a poet he calls Bragi the Old and says he made a drápa about Ragnar loðbrók, and Skáldatal names him Bragi Boddason. Whether the god is this poet raised among the gods is a scholarly hypothesis, not something the sources say.
Primary source Verbatim
Bragi heitir einn. Hann er ágætr at speki ok mest at málsnilld ok orðfimi. Hann kann mest af skáldskap, ok af honum er bragr kallaðr skáldskapr, ok af hans nafni er sá kallaðr bragr karla eða bragr kvinna, er orðsnilld hefir framar en aðrir, kona eða karlmaðr. Kona hans er Iðunn. Hon varðveitir í eski sínu epli þau, er goðin skulu á bíta, þá er þau eldast, ok verða þá allir ungir, ok svá mun vera allt til ragnarökrs.
One is called Bragi. He is renowned for wisdom, and most of all for eloquence and skill with words. He knows the most about poetry, and from him poetry is called bragr, and from his name a woman or man who has a gift for words beyond others is called bragr karla or bragr kvinna, 'bragr of men' or 'bragr of women'. His wife is Iðunn. She keeps in her box the apples that the gods must bite when they grow old, and then they all become young, and so it will be right up to Ragnarök.
GYLFAGINNING, ch. 26 · translation editorial ↗
Etymology
Snorri derives other words from men named Bragi as well: bragnar, a poetic word for men, from the followers of a King Bragi the Old, and Bragningar, a royal line, from Bragi, a son of Hálfdan the Old. The name of the toast is uncertain in the same way: the sagas write Braga full (Hákonar saga góða) and Bragafull (Ynglinga saga), 'Bragi's cup', while some scholars prefer bragarfull, 'cup of the foremost', from bragr.
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Bibliography
- 1. Snorri Sturluson, Edda (Gylfaginning 1, 26 and 41; Skáldskaparmál chs. 1–7, 17, 30, 51, 67, 80 and 81 in Guðni Jónsson's text), c. 1220. Text ed. Guðni Jónsson; trans. Anthony Faulkes, Everyman, 1987. heimskringla.no ↗
- 2. The Poetic Edda (Grímnismál 44; Lokasenna, prose introduction and st. 8–18; Sigrdrífumál 13–18), Codex Regius, GKS 2365 4to, c. 1270. Trans. Carolyne Larrington, rev. ed., Oxford World's Classics, 2014. handrit.is ↗
- 3. Eiríksmál, st. 1–4 (preserved in Fagrskinna), and Eyvindr skáldaspillir, Hákonarmál, st. 14–16, 10th c.; Bragi Boddason, Ragnarsdrápa, 9th c. by tradition. Text in Finnur Jónsson, Carmina Scaldica, 1929. heimskringla.no ↗
- 4. Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla: Ynglinga saga, ch. 40, and Hákonar saga góða, chs. 16 and 32 (chapter numbers of the heimskringla.no text, ed. N. Linder and H. A. Haggson; Finnur Jónsson's edition numbers the first two as Ynglinga saga ch. 36 and Hákonar saga góða ch. 14), c. 1230. heimskringla.no ↗
- 5. P. A. Munch, Norrøne gude- og heltesagn, rev. Magnus Olsen, Kristiania, 1922, § 19 'Brage'; Finnur Jónsson, Den islandske litteraturs historie tilligemed den oldnorske, 1907, 'Norske skjalde'. heimskringla.no ↗