Symbol reference · Galdrastafir

Hel

/hɛl/Old Norse Hel, feminine noun (genitive Heljar, dative Helju); the same word names the realm of the dead

The short answer

The ruler of the realm of the dead in Norse myth and a daughter of Loki. Those who die of sickness or old age go to her, and after Baldr's death it was she who held him. The same word, hel, also names her realm.

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Hel is the third of the children Loki fathers with the giantess Angrboða in Jötunheim; the other two are the wolf Fenrir and the World Serpent Jörmungandr. Snorri says prophecy warned the gods that the three would bring them great harm, so Odin had them fetched. He threw the serpent into the sea; Hel he cast into Niflheim and gave her authority over nine worlds, to share out lodgings among those sent to her: people who die of sickness or of old age.
Her hall is called Éljúðnir, her dish Hungr, 'Hunger', and her knife Sultr, 'Starvation'. Her thrall and her serving-maid are Ganglati and Ganglöt, both names meaning roughly 'slow-goer'; her bed is Kör, 'Sickbed'. She herself is half blue-black and half flesh-coloured, and looks downcast and fierce.
She speaks only once, after Baldr's death. Hermóðr rides Sleipnir for nine nights, crosses the bridge over the river Gjöll, leaps the gate of Hel and finds Baldr in the high seat. Hel sets the terms: if everything in the world, living and dead, weeps for Baldr, he returns to the Æsir; if anything refuses, he stays with her. Everything weeps except the giantess Þökk, thought to be Loki, who answers 'let Hel keep what she has'. At Ragnarök, Snorri says, all of Hel's people follow Loki, and afterwards Baldr and Höðr come back from Hel.
Outside Snorri, hel is mostly a place. Völuspá has a cock crow beneath the earth at the halls of Hel, Baldrs draumar sends Odin riding down to Hel's high hall, and Grímnismál 31 says Hel lives under one of the roots of Yggdrasil. Her looks and household are known only from Snorri. Older poets did picture death as Loki's daughter: Ynglingatal, traditionally dated to around 900 though its date is disputed, says that 'Loki's maid', the sister of the Wolf and of Narfi, has taken the king Dyggvi, who died of sickness, for her pleasure. How far a goddess Hel was believed in before Snorri, rather than used as a poetic image of death, is debated.

Primary source Verbatim

Hel kastaði hann í Niflheim ok gaf henni vald yfir níu heimum, at hon skyldi skipta öllum vistum með þeim, er til hennar váru sendir, en þat eru sóttdauðir menn ok ellidauðir. Hon á þar mikla bólstaði, ok eru garðar hennar forkunnarhávir ok grindr stórar. Éljúðnir heitir salr hennar, Hungr diskr hennar, Sultr knífr hennar, Ganglati þrællinn, Ganglöt ambátt, Fallandaforað þresköldr hennar, er inn gengr, Kör sæing, Blíkjandaböl ársali hennar. Hon er blá hálf, en hálf með hörundarlit. Því er hon auðkennd ok heldr gnúpleit ok grimmlig.

Hel he cast into Niflheim and gave her authority over nine worlds, so that she should share out all lodgings among those who were sent to her, and those are people who die of sickness or of old age. She has great dwellings there, and her walls are exceedingly high and her gates huge. Her hall is called Éljúðnir, her dish Hungr, her knife Sultr, her thrall Ganglati, her serving-maid Ganglöt, the threshold at her entrance Fallandaforað, her bed Kör, her bed-curtains Blíkjandaböl. She is half blue-black and half flesh-coloured. By this she is easily recognised, and she looks rather downcast and fierce.

GYLFAGINNING, ch. 34 · translation editorial ↗
Manuscript
Codex Regius of Snorra Edda (GKS 2367 4to)
Compiler
Snorri Sturluson
Place & date
Iceland, c. 1220 (manuscript early 14th c.)
Held at
Árni Magnússon Institute, Reykjavík

Etymology

*haljō Proto-Germanic 'concealed place, underworld'; the source of Old Norse hel, Gothic halja, Old English hel and modern English hell
*helaną Proto-Germanic 'to hide, to conceal', as in Old English helan; distantly related to Latin celare, 'to hide'

Old English hel, the same word, was taken over for the Christian hell, which is why the two look alike.

Common misconceptions

Common claim What the record says
“Hel is the Norse hell, a place where sinners are punished.” In Snorri's chapter on her, Hel receives those who die of sickness or old age, with no word of guilt. Baldr, the best of the gods, goes there and sits in the high seat; in Baldrs draumar mead stands brewed for him. Punishment does appear elsewhere: Snorri says in Gylfaginning 3 that wicked men go to Hel and on to Niflhel, and Völuspá has perjurers and murderers wading streams by a hall on Náströnd. English hell shares the Germanic root; the Christian place took the old name.
“All the dead go to Valhalla except the wicked, who go to Hel.” Valhalla is for those who fall in battle. Snorri says all who fall in battle are Odin's adopted sons, and that Odin gives them Valhalla and Vingólf; even these are shared, since Freyja takes half the slain. Hel takes those who die of sickness or old age. The sources never set out one consistent scheme of the afterlife.
“Hel is Odin's daughter, an evil goddess who leads an army of the dead against Asgard.” That is Marvel's Hela in Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Odin's firstborn and Thor's sister. In the sources she is Loki's daughter by Angrboða, and Odin is the god who banishes her. In her one speaking scene she sets the gods a test for Baldr's return and keeps him only because one giantess refuses to weep. No source has her fight at Ragnarök; Snorri says only that Hel's people follow Loki.

Frequently asked questions

Who is Hel in Norse mythology?
The ruler of the realm of the dead. She is the daughter of Loki and the giantess Angrboda, and the sister of Fenrir and Jormungandr. Odin cast her into Niflheim.
What does Hel look like?
Half blue-black and half flesh-coloured, downcast and fierce. Snorri is the only source that describes her.
Who goes to Hel?
In Snorri, those who die of sickness or of old age. Those who fall in battle go to Odin in Valhalla or to Freyja.
Is Hel the same as hell?
They are the same Germanic word, probably meaning 'concealed place', but Norse Hel is not mainly a place of punishment: in Snorri it takes those who die of sickness or old age, and Baldr, the best of the gods, goes there. More in our article on Hel and the underworld.
Why did Hel not give Baldr back?
She agreed to release Baldr if everything in the world wept for him. A giantess called Thokk, thought to be Loki, refused, so Baldr stays in Hel until after Ragnarok.
Is Hel a place or a goddess?
Both. In the Eddic poems hel is mostly the realm of the dead; the figure with a hall, servants and a half-dark face comes mainly from Snorri. How far she was a goddess people believed in is debated.

Bibliography

  1. 1. Snorri Sturluson, Edda (Gylfaginning 3, 20, 24, 34, 49, 51 and 53 in Faulkes' numbering), c. 1220. Trans. Anthony Faulkes, Everyman, 1987. heimskringla.no ↗
  2. 2. The Poetic Edda (Völuspá; Grímnismál 31), Codex Regius, GKS 2365 4to, c. 1270; Baldrs draumar in AM 748 I a 4to. Trans. Carolyne Larrington, rev. ed., Oxford World's Classics, 2014. handrit.is ↗
  3. 3. Ynglingatal (attrib. Þjóðólfr of Hvinir), quoted in Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla, Ynglinga saga 20; Egill Skallagrímsson, Sonatorrek 25. heimskringla.no ↗
  4. 4. Rudolf Simek, Dictionary of Northern Mythology, trans. Angela Hall, D. S. Brewer, 1993, s.v. 'Hel'.

Cite this entry

VikingsBrand. “Hel.” VikingsBrand Library, reviewed 1 October 2026, vikingsbrand.co/pages/library/hel.