Symbol reference · Galdrastafir
Hel
/hɛl/Old Norse Hel, feminine noun (genitive Heljar, dative Helju); the same word names the realm of the dead
The ruler of the realm of the dead in Norse myth and a daughter of Loki. Those who die of sickness or old age go to her, and after Baldr's death it was she who held him. The same word, hel, also names her realm.
Her hall is called Éljúðnir, her dish Hungr, 'Hunger', and her knife Sultr, 'Starvation'. Her thrall and her serving-maid are Ganglati and Ganglöt, both names meaning roughly 'slow-goer'; her bed is Kör, 'Sickbed'. She herself is half blue-black and half flesh-coloured, and looks downcast and fierce.
She speaks only once, after Baldr's death. Hermóðr rides Sleipnir for nine nights, crosses the bridge over the river Gjöll, leaps the gate of Hel and finds Baldr in the high seat. Hel sets the terms: if everything in the world, living and dead, weeps for Baldr, he returns to the Æsir; if anything refuses, he stays with her. Everything weeps except the giantess Þökk, thought to be Loki, who answers 'let Hel keep what she has'. At Ragnarök, Snorri says, all of Hel's people follow Loki, and afterwards Baldr and Höðr come back from Hel.
Outside Snorri, hel is mostly a place. Völuspá has a cock crow beneath the earth at the halls of Hel, Baldrs draumar sends Odin riding down to Hel's high hall, and Grímnismál 31 says Hel lives under one of the roots of Yggdrasil. Her looks and household are known only from Snorri. Older poets did picture death as Loki's daughter: Ynglingatal, traditionally dated to around 900 though its date is disputed, says that 'Loki's maid', the sister of the Wolf and of Narfi, has taken the king Dyggvi, who died of sickness, for her pleasure. How far a goddess Hel was believed in before Snorri, rather than used as a poetic image of death, is debated.
Primary source Verbatim
Hel kastaði hann í Niflheim ok gaf henni vald yfir níu heimum, at hon skyldi skipta öllum vistum með þeim, er til hennar váru sendir, en þat eru sóttdauðir menn ok ellidauðir. Hon á þar mikla bólstaði, ok eru garðar hennar forkunnarhávir ok grindr stórar. Éljúðnir heitir salr hennar, Hungr diskr hennar, Sultr knífr hennar, Ganglati þrællinn, Ganglöt ambátt, Fallandaforað þresköldr hennar, er inn gengr, Kör sæing, Blíkjandaböl ársali hennar. Hon er blá hálf, en hálf með hörundarlit. Því er hon auðkennd ok heldr gnúpleit ok grimmlig.
Hel he cast into Niflheim and gave her authority over nine worlds, so that she should share out all lodgings among those who were sent to her, and those are people who die of sickness or of old age. She has great dwellings there, and her walls are exceedingly high and her gates huge. Her hall is called Éljúðnir, her dish Hungr, her knife Sultr, her thrall Ganglati, her serving-maid Ganglöt, the threshold at her entrance Fallandaforað, her bed Kör, her bed-curtains Blíkjandaböl. She is half blue-black and half flesh-coloured. By this she is easily recognised, and she looks rather downcast and fierce.
GYLFAGINNING, ch. 34 · translation editorial ↗
Etymology
Old English hel, the same word, was taken over for the Christian hell, which is why the two look alike.
Common misconceptions
Frequently asked questions
Who is Hel in Norse mythology?
What does Hel look like?
Who goes to Hel?
Is Hel the same as hell?
Why did Hel not give Baldr back?
Is Hel a place or a goddess?
Bibliography
- 1. Snorri Sturluson, Edda (Gylfaginning 3, 20, 24, 34, 49, 51 and 53 in Faulkes' numbering), c. 1220. Trans. Anthony Faulkes, Everyman, 1987. heimskringla.no ↗
- 2. The Poetic Edda (Völuspá; Grímnismál 31), Codex Regius, GKS 2365 4to, c. 1270; Baldrs draumar in AM 748 I a 4to. Trans. Carolyne Larrington, rev. ed., Oxford World's Classics, 2014. handrit.is ↗
- 3. Ynglingatal (attrib. Þjóðólfr of Hvinir), quoted in Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla, Ynglinga saga 20; Egill Skallagrímsson, Sonatorrek 25. heimskringla.no ↗
- 4. Rudolf Simek, Dictionary of Northern Mythology, trans. Angela Hall, D. S. Brewer, 1993, s.v. 'Hel'.